Κατηγορία: ιωάννινα
Its Kale: The southeastern Citadel in the Castle of Ioannina in Greece
In a previous post, I wrote about the northeastern citadel inside the castle of Ioannina, in the northwestern region of Epirus in Greece. Today I continue with the southeastern citadel, which is known as “Its Kale”, which in Turkish means the inside castle.
As much as the northeastern citadel bears Aslan Pasha’s name all over it, Its Kale bears the name of Ali Pasha. His grave is protected by an iron cage that is a replica of the original that was destroyed in 1940.
Ali Pasha was an Ottoman Albanian ruler who seized control of Ioannina in 1788 and did not relinquish it until his death in 1822. The powerful ruler of western Rumelia was 82 years old when he was killed by the Ottoman Empire army led by Hurshid Pasha; the army was sent to subdue him following his separatist actions against the Sultan Mahmud II. His head was cut off and sent to the Sultan. The headless body was buried in the grave.
The Palace of Ali Pasha was a building complex that covered a wide area of the citadel. Today we can see the ruins of the selamlik (the men’s greeting room) that has been built next to Bohemond’ s tower (you can see it in the background of the picture above).
Bohemond I was the son of Robert Guiscard, Count of Apulia and Calabria. In 1082, fighting with his father who was leading a Norman invasion, he defeated the Byzantine army and captured Ioannina, where he built the tower whose ruins we can see today right next to the ruins of Ali Pasha’s Saray.
There are no other remnants of the middle Byzantine period of the city’s history in Its Kale. It is known that during this time the citadel was the center of the city’s administration. The ruling noblemen had their mansions in the citadel.
The main building in the Saray (Palace) complex houses today the Byzantine Museum.
Following the death of Ali Pasha in 1822, the building continued to be used as an administrative center until 1870, when it was destroyed.
The Greek Army entered Ioannina in 1913 and built a military hospital where the main Saray building was. IIn 1958 the building was remodeled to become a chalet for the Royal Family but was rarely used as such.
East of the Saray lies Fethiye (Conquest) Mosque, which was originally a wooden structure built shortly after 1430 to commemorate the conquest of Ioannina by the Ottoman Turks. In 1611 it was replaced by a stone structure. It took its current form in 1795 when it was reconstructed by Ali Pasha.
Next to the Mosque is the “gunpowder room” and to its north the palace kitchens, dating back to the early 19th century; today it is a cafeteria.
Across the field from the kitchens, there is a complex where we can find the palace’s treasury. The building next to it has become the Church of the Holy Unmercenaries (Agioi Anargyroi).
The building next to it has become the Church of the Holy Unmercenaries (Agioi Anargyroi).
Here the visit to Its Kale ends.
If you ever visit it, make it early in the morning, so that you can hear the birds and the lake breeze and the chanting of the priest in the church nearby.
The northeastern citadel in the castle of Ioannina, Greece
Ioannina is a city in the northwestern region of Epirus, Greece. It has a rich history, which is partly reflected in today’s cityscape. One of the city’s most important landmarks is the castle, which includes two citadels. This article is about the northeastern citadel. The timeline is the 17th century when the surviving monuments were built.
The northeastern citadel in the castle of Ioannina offers stunning views of the lake and the city and has three monuments of the Ottoman period of the city’s history. In the Byzantine period that preceded the Ottoman, the Citadel housed the mansion of the Byzantine ruler of the city. The remains of the circular tower of the southern Byzantine gate stands before the visitor as she enters, to the right.
In 1589 the city of Ioannina had 10,000 inhabitants. Merchants from Ioannina had started traveling to the Balkans and Venice. The economic development was disrupted in the year 1611 when Dionysius the Philosopher led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The revolt was not successful and the Ottoman garrison under Aslan Pasha, the Governor of Ioannina, eventually crushed the rebellion. Dionysius was captured alive, was tortured and killed.
As a result of this rebellion, all Greeks were removed from the Castle of the city of Ioannina, and the Orthodox Church of Saint John the Baptist, guardian of the city, dating back to the days of Justinian, was destroyed. In its place, in 1618 the victors erected Aslan Pasha’s Mosque, to commemorate their victory.
The Mosque stopped performing religious services in 1924 after the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey was completed. Today it houses the Municipal Museum of the City of Ioannina.
Aslan Pasha died shortly after the mosque was built and was buried in the octagonal mausoleum (turbe, the Turkish word for “tomb”) located right next to the mosque.
According to some sources, there were more mausoleums in the area near the mosque, but they were destroyed by the occupying forces during the second World War.
The seminary is the second monument in the citadel. It was built in the first half of the 17th century, at around the same with the mosque and occupies the southwestern side of the citadel. It is a long building that today remains empty.
On the other side of the Ottoman Gate, the visitor can see the kitchen and the dining area of the seminary.
The mosque, the seminary and the dining/kitchen area formed in their time an important religious – educational center.
The octagonal chimney of the seminary’s kitchen captures the eye and may be mistaken for a church tower. But it isn’t.
The view of the chimney from down under is impressive.
The mosque and the turbe viewed from the entry gate.
The Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city of Ioannina in 1670 and reported that there were 4,000 families, approximately 20,000 inhabitants. There were nice homes and shops in the city, where one could find silver jewelry. Silk clothes were imported from the Adriatic.